The arrangement of nucleotides in a double-helix configuration, which encodes genetic information for protein synthesis.

Data and observations used to support a scientific explanation about how DNA affects protein structure and function.

Large molecules composed of amino acids that perform essential functions in living organisms, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural components.

Critical biological roles carried out by proteins, including catalyzing reactions (enzymes), providing structural support (structural proteins), and transmitting signals (cell receptors and hormones).

Cells that have developed specific functions and structures to perform particular tasks within an organism.

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation.

The process where the DNA code is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus.

The process where mRNA is used as a template to synthesize proteins at the ribosome.

Proteins that act as biological catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in the body.

Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues, such as collagen and keratin.

Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens.

Chemical messengers, often proteins, that regulate physiological processes by signaling cells and tissues.

Proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific molecules and transmit signals into the cell.

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