The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the

The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called

Botulism is caused by ingestion of a proteinaceous exotoxin; therefore, it can easily be prevented by

Symptoms of protozoan and helminthic diseases are due to

Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages

Polio is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing polio virus. What portal of entry does polio virus use?

Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella produce invasins that bind host cells, thus causing the cells to

Biofilms provide pathogens with an adhesion mechanism and aid in resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Many pathogens use the same portal for entry and exit from the body.

Most pathogens that gain access through the skin

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