The Freedmen’s Bureau helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations, negotiated labor contracts with planters that specified pay and hours, and

The Republican majority in Congress passed the Command of the Army Act and the Tenure of Office Act in order to ensure that

At the end of the Civil War, Radical Republicans in Congress had three main goals: to prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power, to make the Republican Party a powerful political force in the South, and to

Under his “restoration program,” President Johnson offered to pardon all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union, with the exception of former Confederate officers and officials as well as

During Reconstruction, African Americans were able to vote in the South because of the

To get the seed and supplies they needed, African Americans who had become sharecroppers after Reconstruction often had to rely on credit from

After Reconstruction many African Americans were trapped in economic circumstances that severely limited their new freedom by the

Under President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, a Southern state could organize a new state government when

The chief objectives of the Wade-Davis Bill were to ensure that former Confederate states would remain loyal to the Union and to

In addition to providing support for formerly enslaved workers, the Freedmen’s Bureau made important contributions in the field of

Under the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, before former Confederate states could elect members to Congress, they had to

Having won a roughly three-to-one majority in the elections of 1866, congressional Republicans could override any presidential

.

The primary charge at President Johnson’s impeachment trial was that he had

.

Southerners, particularly Democratic Party supporters, referred to Northerners who came to the South at the beginning of Reconstruction as

Some “scalawags”—white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction—were

During the 1870s, Republican governments in the Southern states repealed the black codes, rebuilt roads and railways, and established a

Despite the claims of some Southerners, the Republican Party was able to take power in the South because

By 1876, about 40 percent of all African American children, or roughly 600,000 children,

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