Another principle of relative-age dating is that sediments are deposited in large, flat sheets. The sheets, or layers, continue in all lateral directions until they thin out or until they meet a barrier, such as the Grand Canyon.

A piece of an older rock that becomes part of a new rock is called a(n)_____________________________________.

According to the_____________________________________________________, if one rock contains pieces of another rock, the rock containing the pieces is younger than the pieces.

According to the________________________, if one geologic feature cuts across another feature, the feature that it cuts across is older.

A(n) ________________________________is a surface where rock has eroded away, producing a break, or gap, in the rock record.

In a(n)________________________________________, younger sedimentary layers are deposited on top of older, horizontal sedimentary layers that have been eroded.

In a(n)_______________________________________, sedimentary layers are deposited on top of tilted or folded sedimentary layers that have been eroded.

In a(n)________________________________________, younger sedimentary layers are deposited on older igneous or metamorphic rock layers that have been eroded.

Matching rocks and fossils from separate locations is called ________________________________.

___________________represent species that existed on Earth for a short length of time, were abundant, and inhabited many locations. These help geologists infer that the layers in which they are found are of similar age.

The ______________________________________________ is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time.

________________________are the longest units of geologic time. Geologic time is divided into four large segments : Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. These units of measurement usually last around a billion years.

The _________________________ is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers 541 million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period.

Eons are subdivided into smaller units of time called ______________, which generally span around a hundred million years. These are separated by catastrophic extinction boundaries.

Eras are subdivided into____________________________, tens to one hundred million years in duration. Examples from the Mesozoic Era are the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.

Periods are subdivided into ____________________, tens of millions of years in duration. Currently, we are in the Holocene, which began about 10,000 years ago.

A __________________________________________________is the extinction of many species on Earth within a short period of time.

____________________________________states that species change over time as they adapt to their environments.

___________________________________ is the separation of a population of organisms from the rest of its species due to some physical barrier, such as a mountain range or an ocean. Separated populations of species may evolve in different ways.

This sudden appearance of new, complex life-forms around 542 million years ago, during the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, is often called the ____________________________________.

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