Topsoil. Organic material and minerals

Molten rock in mantle

1st and innermost layer. Split into inner and outer. Inner is solid, outer liquid. Made of nickel and iron

Outer part of mantle. Made of semi-molten, ductile rock

Create large pit or hole in ground to mine

Process of one plate passing under another

Vent in Earth's surface. Emits ash, gas, and molten lava. Can be caused by hotspots or convergent plates

Form by sediments like muds, sand, and gravels compressed by overlying sediments. can be uniform or different

Large expanses of rock where movement had occurred where plates meet

Cools inside Earth underground. Many colors, cools slowly, minerals seperate

Magma pushes up and out, making new rocks and bringing copper, lead, and silver, however it is deep under ocean

Exact point on Earth's surface directly above where rock ruptures

Elements with properties that conduct electricity and heat

Loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth

Process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments

Mineral material, little organic matter

Lie beneath landmasses. Contains more Silicon dioxide. Plates less dense that oceantic

Unwanted wast material created during mining

Determined by percentage of sand, silt, and clay

Oceanic plate meet continental. Oceanic pulled under continental. As other plates move apart, rising magma forms new seafloor crust

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