Sponge-like outgrowth or swelling of the testa. It protects the micropyle and absorbs water during germination (e.g. Ricinus communis).

Protective sheath surrounding the radicle of some Liliidae plants.

The_________is an immature plant from which a new plant will grow under favorable conditions.

A condition of plant seeds that prevents germinating under optimal environmental conditions.

the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose.

Ricinus communis (Castor bean)

The organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil.

The growing tip of a root is protected by the __________

Trees growing in muddy swamps at the mouths of rivers, especially in salt water.

The most common type of root, the primary system, consists of a ____________ that grows vertically downward (positive geotropism).

In this case the primary root usually has a limited lifespan and it is replaced by____________ ___________.

Usually refers to a thin, multicellular, hair-like lateral root.

These roots are fleshy and store organic nutrients and water. They usually have relatively limited growth in length.

These roots fulfill a specialized function above the soil surface. In general they develop from the above soil part of the plant and are thus adventitious roots.

Adventitious roots which develop from the stem above the soil surface. They grow downward, reach the soil and support the plant.

Root growing away from the light.

They occur in aerial roots. The calyptra and/or the growing tip is hardened into a thorn-like structure.

that side facing away from the central axis, dorsal side, underside of the leaf.

Foliage leaves, vegetative leaves; usually the green leaves of the plant.

When a bud is located at the tip a stem

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