The first governing document of the USA drafted in 1777, ratified in 1781, and replaced by the present Constitution in 1789.

A meeting held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention.

The meeting in Philadelphia, May 25 to September 17, 1787, that debated and agreed upon the Constitution of the United States. Met to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature based on population. (Large state plan).

Uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house (unicameral) legislature in which each state would be represented equally (1 vote), (small state plan).

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government.

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

The set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, that require our leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws.

The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs.

Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.

Government by religious leaders, who claim diving guidance.

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