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Human Physiology Unit 02 Exam Review A- Cell Signaling/ Endocrine
Test Description: Review part 1
Instructions: Answer all questions to get your test result.
1) An endocrine gland is distinct from an exocrine gland in that it
A
is considered an 'effector'
B
delivers its secretions with the help of carrier proteins
C
delivers its secretions to the bloodstream directly
D
delivers its secretions to the bloodstream via a duct or tube
2) paracrine regulation involves __________; while autocrine involves________
A
different cell types in the same tissue/ organ ; same cell type
B
activation/ inhibition of an adjacent gland ; self regulation by a gland via negative feedback
C
hormones that inhibit the production of others ; hormones that inhibit their own production
D
hormones that are delivered to multiple tissue types; delivery to only one tissue
3) Steroids, Melatonin, and Thyroid Hormones
A
all use cAMP as a second messenger
B
are all lipophyllic
C
are all made from metalloproteins
D
bind to surface receptors that are dimers
4) _________ hormones bind to surface receptors, while ________ bind to receptors inside the cell as they can permeate the cell membrane
A
Nuclear, Ligand
B
Polar, Lipophyllic
C
Receptor Mediated, CREB
D
First Messenger, Second Messenger
5) a prohormone like pro-opiomelanocortin can be cleaved to form
A
a post hormone, like Estrogen
B
a prehormone, that then becomes a functional hormone through iodination
C
more than one functional hormone
D
two dimers, which allow it to bind to nuclear receptors
6) Steroid hormones, which are all derived from _________, can be _____________, from the adrenal cortex, or sex hormones, which are made in the_____
A
Cholesterol, Prostaglandins, Pituitary Gland
B
Cholesterol, Corticosteroids, Gonads
C
Membrane Phospholipids, Adrenosteroids, Gonads
D
Short polypeptides, Corticosteroids, Testis, Ovaries, etc.
7) some hormones are also function as _________ in the nervous system
A
glial regulators
B
neurotransmitters
C
nutrients
D
selective reuptake inhibitors
8) the effect of all hormones is dependent on their ____________ in the ________ ____________
A
persistence, synaptic cleft
B
modification, target cell
C
concentration, blood plasma
D
affinity, binding site
9) ______ is the time required for the concentration to drop by 50%
A
half- life
B
dwell time
C
clearance
D
persistence
10) Synergistic hormones can be _______, where the effects 'stack'; or _________ where....
A
additive; permissive... one hormone enhances the responsiveness of the cell to the other
B
summative; facultative... one hormone increases the concentration of the other
C
homeodimers, heterodimers; ... different types of hormones come together to trigger the effect
D
associative, complimentary.... multiple hormones are needed to achieve the target effect
11) Although they are ___________, insulin and glucagon do not inhibit the actions of each other
A
reciprocal
B
synergistic
C
conflated
D
antagonistic
12) Some hormones bind to nuclear receptor proteins, forming functional ________ that activate or inhibit specific ________ ______
A
G- protein complexes, Adenylate Cyclase
B
Transcription Factors, Gene Expression
C
Catalyases; second messenger cascades
D
post hormones, cellular processes
13) while the cAMP pathway generally activates protein kinases, the phospholipase C pathway
A
leads to the opening of ion channels in the cell membrane
B
phosphorylates glycoproteins
C
triggers the release of calcium ions
D
leads to fusion of vesicles bearing specific carrier proteins to the cell membrane
14) In the Tyrosine Kinase pathway, used by _________, the receptors are unique in that they are ______
A
Thyroxine, Iondinated
B
apoptosis hormones, polyphylic
C
Insulin, dimers
D
glucagon, G-protein mediated
15) The anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones, which primarily__________, in response to
A
regulate fluid homeostasis, innervation from the cerebellum
B
suppress anabolic reactions, decrease in ATP availability
C
activate other glands, hormones from the hypothalamus
D
regulate circadian rhythms, hormones from the pineal gland
16) the adrenal medulla is actually ________ tissue, and produces 2 hormones, ____________ and __________ in response to signals from the sympathetic nervous system
A
ectopic, insulin / glucagon
B
epithelial, glucocorticoids/ metallocorticoids
C
connective, thrombonin / erythropoeitin
D
neural, epinephrine/ norepinephrine
17) the pineal gland, which secretes _________ to regulate ___________ is inhibited by __________
A
dopamine, movement, ACTH
B
melatonin, circadian rhythms, light
C
glutamate, peristalsis, dexamathazone
D
serotonin, moods, parasympathetic innervation
18) Cytokines and Growth Factors are examples of
A
inhibitory antagonists
B
synergistic hormones
C
autocrine/ paracrine regulation
D
oppositional antagonists
19) prostaglandins, found in _______, are derived from arachidonic acid produced by breaking down ________ __________
A
nearly all cells, membrane phospholipids
B
the extracellular matrix, cell membranes
C
fungiform papillae, bile salts
D
the epithelia of blood vessels, membrane glycoproteins
20) Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) work by _________, which are necessary for the synthesis of _________
A
activating human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hGC), somatomammotropins
B
inhibiting cyclooxidase (COX) enzymes, prostaglandins
C
facilitating Transaminase (TA) enzymes, cytokines
D
confusing students, ideas and concepts
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